94 research outputs found
Metaphor and the Grammaticalization of Evidentials
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics
Society (1989), pp. 215-22
Spontaneous eye movements during passive spoken language comprehension reflect grammatical processing
Language is tightly connected to sensory and motor systems. Recent research using eye- tracking typically relies on constrained visual contexts, viewing a small array of objects on a computer screen. Some critiques of embodiment ask if people simply match their simulations to the pictures being presented. This study compared the comprehension of verbs with two different grammatical forms: the past progressive form (e.g., was walking), which emphasizes the ongoing nature of actions, and the simple past (e.g., walked), which emphasizes the end-state of an action. The results showed that the distribution and timing of eye movements mirrors the underlying conceptual structure of this linguistic difference in the absence of any visual stimuli. Thus, eye movement data suggest that visual inputs are unnecessary to solicit perceptual simulations
Smashing New Results on Aspectual Framing: How People Talk About Car Accidents
How do people describe events they have witnessed? What role does linguistic aspect play in this process? To provide answers to these questions, we conducted an experiment on aspectual framing. In our task, people were asked to view videotaped vehicular accidents and to describe what happened (perfective framing) or what was happening (imperfective framing). Our analyses of speech and gesture in retellings show that the form of aspect used in the question differentially influenced the way people conceptualized and described actions. Questions framed with imperfective aspect resulted in more motion verbs (e.g., driving), more reckless language (e.g., speeding), and more iconic gestures (e.g., path gesture away from the body to show travel direction) than did questions framed with perfective aspect. Our research contributes novel insights on aspect and the construal of events, and on the semantic potency of aspect in leading questions. The findings are consistent with core assumptions in cognitive linguistics, including the proposal that linguistic meaning, including grammatical meaning, is dynamic and grounded in perceptual and cognitive experience
Eye movements during listening reveal spontaneous grammatical processing
Recent research using eye-tracking typically relies on constrained visual contexts in particular goal-oriented contexts, viewing a small array of objects on a computer screen and performing some overt decision or identification. Eyetracking paradigms that use pictures as a measure of word or sentence comprehension are sometimes touted as ecologically invalid because pictures and explicit tasks are not always present during language comprehension. This study compared the comprehension of sentences with two different grammatical forms: the past progressive (e.g., was walking), which emphasizes the ongoing nature of actions, and the simple past (e.g., walked), which emphasizes the end-state of an action. The results showed that the distribution and timing of eye movements mirrors the underlying conceptual structure of this linguistic difference in the absence of any visual stimuli or task constraint: Fixations were shorter and saccades were more dispersed across the screen, as if thinking about more dynamic events when listening to the past progressive stories. Thus, eye movement data suggest that visual inputs or an explicit task are unnecessary to solicit analog representations of features such as movement, that could be a key perceptual component to grammatical comprehension
Accelerating the timeline for climate action in California
The climate emergency increasingly threatens our communities, ecosystems,
food production, health, and economy. It disproportionately impacts lower
income communities, communities of color, and the elderly. Assessments since
the 2018 IPCC 1.5 Celsius report show that current national and sub-national
commitments and actions are insufficient. Fortunately, a suite of solutions
exists now to mitigate the climate crisis if we initiate and sustain actions
today. California, which has a strong set of current targets in place and is
home to clean energy and high technology innovation, has fallen behind in its
climate ambition compared to a number of major governments. California, a
catalyst for climate action globally, can and should ramp up its leadership by
aligning its climate goals with the most recent science, coordinating actions
to make 2030 a point of significant accomplishment. This entails dramatically
accelerating its carbon neutrality and net-negative emissions goal from 2045 to
2030, including advancing clean energy and clean transportation standards, and
accelerating nature-based solutions on natural and working lands. It also means
changing its current greenhouse gas reduction goals both in the percentage and
the timing: cutting emissions by 80 percent (instead of 40 percent) below 1990
levels much closer to 2030 than 2050. These actions will enable California to
save lives, benefit underserved and frontline communities, and save trillions
of dollars. This rededication takes heed of the latest science, accelerating
equitable, job-creating climate policies. While there are significant
challenges to achieving these goals, California can establish policy now that
will unleash innovation and channel market forces, as has happened with solar,
and catalyze positive upward-scaling tipping points for accelerated global
climate action.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figure
Timescales of Massive Human Entrainment
The past two decades have seen an upsurge of interest in the collective
behaviors of complex systems composed of many agents entrained to each other
and to external events. In this paper, we extend concepts of entrainment to the
dynamics of human collective attention. We conducted a detailed investigation
of the unfolding of human entrainment - as expressed by the content and
patterns of hundreds of thousands of messages on Twitter - during the 2012 US
presidential debates. By time locking these data sources, we quantify the
impact of the unfolding debate on human attention. We show that collective
social behavior covaries second-by-second to the interactional dynamics of the
debates: A candidate speaking induces rapid increases in mentions of his name
on social media and decreases in mentions of the other candidate. Moreover,
interruptions by an interlocutor increase the attention received. We also
highlight a distinct time scale for the impact of salient moments in the
debate: Mentions in social media start within 5-10 seconds after the moment;
peak at approximately one minute; and slowly decay in a consistent fashion
across well-known events during the debates. Finally, we show that public
attention after an initial burst slowly decays through the course of the
debates. Thus we demonstrate that large-scale human entrainment may hold across
a number of distinct scales, in an exquisitely time-locked fashion. The methods
and results pave the way for careful study of the dynamics and mechanisms of
large-scale human entrainment.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables, 4 supplementary figures. 2nd version
revised according to peer reviewers' comments: more detailed explanation of
the methods, and grounding of the hypothese
Figurative language processing
This chapter is concerned with visual processing in the context of figurative language. Included is background on research that has used the visual world paradigm to study the processing of fictive motion sentences. These sentences, which are ubiquitous in everyday language, include a motion verb but describe no motion (e.g., “A road goes through the desert”, “The cord runs along the wall”). Also included is discussion of emerging concepts that form novel hypotheses for how figurative language is processed. This chapter grounds fictive motion processing in interactive dynamical systems and takes figurative language in a new direction
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